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Our telescopes are owned by a number significant museums, planetariums and professional
educators. They have been or are currently on display at;:
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Help your local museum/library by Donating these beautiful instruments to your local teaching
institutions. They all need your help.
Acknowledgements
Building an accurate replica of these telescopes was a big project
requiring allot of funding, time, traveling, visiting people of many skills and
disciplines..
The authors can never thank enough all those at IMSS who gave us access to
the originals and information about their recent restoration so that we might make the
most accurate reproductions of these historically significant scientific instrument for
the public so they might learn and enjoy them to their fullness.
Galileo's Telescope The Instrument That Changed the World .
A short history of those who helped us
with the initial technical support and funding
; We (Jim a physicist & Rhoda a chemist both with
many years of senior level experience) were
commissioned to research and build a very accurate replica of the IMSS 2428
telescope for Griffith observatory Ca., the 2427 telescope for Adler Planetarium ,Chicago,
to build replica's
both of
Galileo's telescopes and to furnish exploded half models to show
their unique interior construction, for the IMSS in Florence Italy ( where the originals are kept) We also developed and furnished several Canadian science centers with
beautiful representative models of the 2428 with Galileo's negative and Kepler positive eyepieces.
We provide the reader more accurate and valuable information
about How and Why Galileo made them and provide
this in various forms for display and other teaching aids or to use
or make your own.
Click
here
for our larger site on Galileo and his telescopes
Our reference material, collection, and inventory includes over 2400
items books and
instruments covering a broad range of scientific topics
see
SciTechAntiques.com
for details.
.
We give lectures
from two experienced experimental
scientist point of view with demonstrations of Galileo's
telescopes and other instruments.
In addition to this web site we also have another one in
a sketch book style which introduces you to the many contributors that helped in this project,
but a word of
Caution it is a very large web site. So be prepared to do some
digging.
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The
very accurate replicas of both of Galileo's telescopes, which we made for IMSS, are in
this exhibition.
We should all give thank to the IMSS for all their hard work in putting together this very important window
into the philosophy of humans
creative curiosity.
Here is the first and very important opportunity to see in our country one of the most historically important scientific
instruments. One that for ever changed our cultural view of our world.
.
Don't miss visiting the Franklin for
this once in a life time opportunity You will be able to see, for
the first time, one of the two remaining
Galileo telescopes, the very important
development telescope IMSS#2427.
Also exhibited will be other instruments
belonging to Galileo, as well as paintings,
prints, and manuscripts from the priceless
Medici collection. Together, the collections
will showcase how the union of science, art,
and political power gave rise to Galileo's
success.
This wonderful opportunity has been Created
through The Franklin's exclusive partnership
with the
Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza
in Florence, Italy.
Franklin institute was selected as the world exclusive host for "Galileo, the Medici and the Age
of Astronomy",
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We whole hearty recommend the wonderful
New book and catalog from the IMSS:
"Galileo's Telescope The Instrument That Changed
the World" edited by Giorgio Strano,
Publ. Giunti 2008 (isbn 978-88-09-05938-2) It can be bought at
http://www.artbooks.com/wc.dll?AB~searchquick~&cart=0 ( type in
97888090593) It is a very
beautiful book/Catalog.It covers the history of thought and technology
in the development of the telescope over a broad
spectrum of topics relevant to Galileo's time
presented by a team of international experts.
It is an excellent historical and educational
catalogue for their exhibition with wonderful
technical analyses of the components of
Galileo's telescope illustrated with magnificent
photographs.
(We were privileged to be one of
the collaborators) |
.
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 |
[1]_small.jpg)
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| Dr. Giorgio Strano - Curator at the
IMSS ( a very beautiful museum with beautiful instruments of
science where the original telescopes are kept)
looking out over Florence's roof tops from the top of
the IMSS with our
precisely made recreation of
IMSS 2428 much as Galileo Galilei might have done
with one of his instruments some 400 years ago. Dr. Giorgio Strano and
the staff of IMSS made it
possible to have access to the originals to gather the
measurements so important to the success of this
project. |
IMSS Our
Exploded replica of Galileo's telescope
A very unique educational display of the Galileo's
IMSS 2428 telescope. We have some of our replica's cut
in half to show the very unusual interior barrel stave
resin composite construction. It also shows the
arrangement of the lenses with their stops. Equally visible
is the very beautiful gilded leather exterior
construction with all of its decorations. We have furnished
this model to the History of Science Florence Italy home of
the originals and it has been very well received by the
visitors.
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*The IMSS has one of the most
extraordinary collections of very significant and
beautiful scientific instruments including
examples of Nobile's
Astatic
Galvanometers the instrument which was the
foundation of modern electrical discoveries
.
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Galileo's replica telescopes
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Galileo cries out to us for help
in
making accurate replicas of his telescopes
and to distribute them to show us his
discoveries of the wonders of nature.
Below is the translation of
his
letter
19th of March 1610 to the Tuscan
court
and look at the expression on his face in
the picture below.
.From A
English translation of Galileo's letter
ref.1
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A translation
of Galileo's letter
"In
order to maintain and increase the
renown of these discoveries, it
appears to me necessary to have the
truth seen and recognized, by means
of the effect itself, by as
many people
as possible. |
I
have done, and am doing, this in Venice and
Padua. But "spyglasses" that are most
exquisite and capable of showing all the
observations are very rare, and among the
sixty that I have made, at great cost
and effort, I have been able to find only a
very small number. These few, however, I
have planned to send to great princes, and
in particular to the relatives of the Most
Serene Grand Duke. And already I have been
asked for instruments[ by the Most Serene
Duke of Bavaria and the Elector of Cologne,
and also by the Most Illustrious and
Reverend Cardinal Del Monte, to whom I shall
send [spyglasses] as soon as possible,
together with the treatise. My desire would
be to send them also to France, Spain,
Poland, Austria, Mantua, Modena, Urbino, and
wherever else it would please His Most
Serene Highness."
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Galileo's
spirit appears to be imploring us to
join him in his unfinished work---.that
of using
more reproductions
of his telescopes to help continue
his work of teaching the
value of science_
not just of the heavens. Photo of one of
our replicas courtesy L. B. Johnson
Library |
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.Visit
our you-tube site for our, impromptu, videos
constructing these telescopes
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..Our
replica, below, of Galileo's telescope IMSS #2428 on display at
Griffith Observatory
A wonderful
Inspiring place to visit. A beloved icon of Los
Angeles and world leader in public astronomy. Since
1935, the Observatory has given tens of millions of
visitors the opportunity to become observers.
We bet that you have seen many
photos of this replica of Galileo's telescope at
Griffith Observatory on the web helping them teach us
about science
This
is one of
our unique
and precise replicas. It is even more beautiful with the
tubes holding the lenses pulled out a bit to show
the decorations hidden inside.
Next time you're at Griffith ask
them to do this..
You can own one also.
You can help Galileo spread the good word about basic
scientific research and how it will help solve so
many of the problems facing us in our modern world.
This is once in a life time investment.
Few will ever take the time needed, enjoy all the help
and resource of so many experts in the field,
coupled with our experience to make these
replicas the truest to the originals to date. Just as
Galileo would have wanted it.
Have one in your collection
and loan it or donate it to one of
your local teaching institutions. It is not
just a one time teaching tool for the IYA.
Galileo's telescopes and
their story are timeless
and will continue to be an asset in teaching
about science for another 400 years. These
replicas will participate in this effort. They
will pay their way for many decades
in the future |
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Below: one of our replicas
at IMSS Florence, Italy next to Galileo's original
telescope IMSS # 2428.
IMSS
has two pairs of our replicas (IMSS
# 2427, #2428) on traveling displays reminding us
about the importance Galileo's work in our lives. We
also have furnished IMSS with exploded views showing the
unique interior construction. Visit their wonderful
Museum in Florence Italy and
Visit
their web site.
The
IMSS, Institute
and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy
on the banks of the Arno river in Florence Italy is one
of the most beautiful and wonderful places to visit.
The IMSS has one of the most extraordinary
collections of very significant and beautiful
scientific instruments including examples of Nobile's
astatic
galvanometers the instrument which was the
foundation of modern electrical discoveries.
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Above
one of our replicas of Galileo's telescope, IMSS 2427,
at Adler Planetarium.
Michelle Nichols Master Educator at the
Adler
Planetarium
& Astronomy Museum in Chicago Illinois checking out
Adler's new replica of Galileo's telescope
IMSS 2427 which we built to the precise
specifications of Galileo's original telescope. Adler
Planetarium a wonderful, must, place to visit to see
their spectacular and beautiful collection of
instruments of astronomy as well as views of Lake
Michigan and the skyline of down town Chicago. |
Below are a number of configurations available of our
Galileo telescopes
Call or email us 781 245 2897 Galileo@comcast.net
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Our Replica of Galileo's Telescope IMSS
INV
#2428.
Florence Italy.
Now on display at Griffith Observatory California
We constructed the
telescopes IMSS
INV # 2428,
and 2427 for
oIMSS, Griffith observatory, ,
Beijing
Planetarium, etc.
. 2428 is complete to the smallest detail: the delicate gold
embossed decorations precisely reconstructed from our photographs of
the original, the leather covering, the original coloring, its very
unusual wood thin stave construction, its odd focal length
objective lens – all construction details that have not been done
before or to this level of precision.
There are
over a hundred pieces in making the telescope IMSS 2428,over 400
hand stamped decorations using 21 separate gold stamps, months
of measurement of the decorative patterns on the originals to make
these gold stamping dies. Even copying most of irregularities in the
pattern of the original
#00FFFF">
Below is the interesting
step by step process of making the IMSS# 2428
The seeds of Galileo's presentation
telescope, wood staves. They are used in all the tubular
construction.
The overall view of the bare body and
sliding lens holders showing the novel construction
Above creating the art work from
hundreds of high resolution photo. Below we take you through several
steps in. the process including the jig for
applying the stamp that would allow the natural operator randomness
of placing the stamp on the leather.
Test
plate of hot stamp dies.
We went through 4 of them before we got it right
each die cost upwards several hundred $ a piece with handle
Finally a skilled craftsman applying the hot stamped
decorations carefully by hand Including a number irregularities we
found in the original decorations.
[1]_small1.jpg)
A very important exploded view of the
interior of Galileo's leather covered telescope we made for IMSS in
Florence Italy showing the very unique construction of this famous
telescope. For more detail about the various forms that we
furnish scroll down to the figures of the IMSS 2427
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A photo of the
Original Galileo Telescopes in an earlier
display, no longer used, at Florence Italy. Top
telescope is IMSS 2427, bottom IMSS 2428 The
broken lens IMSS 2429 in the center of the
decorated ellipse |
Our mission statement parallels Galileo's.
See white box below.
We are making very
precise replicas of Galileo's telescopes to help
spread the significance of basic scientific research
using Galileo as a case study of how science works.
1,What was Galileo really like?
Is he just about telescopes and church?
2,Are there still things we can learn from
(not about) him that are relevant today?
3,Are there some, all most hidden, messages that we
have not yet decoded or ignored because of the
complexities of today's science?
How about In Galileo Galilei's letter March 19 1610 to
the Tuscan court?
In the very first sentence he both states a problem
in handling his scientific work and its
solution which is particularly
applicable in solving issues within
today's science.
In the latter half he discuses
the amount of work and the difficulty in funding
his science. So Galileo is relevant to to day
science and we get the
flavor of the business of science in 1600 and notice
that it is not so different than today, including
the nature of adversaries to science. So its a good
working example for teaching purposes
Taking up
Galileo's challenge in his letter we have taken up
the task of helping
to tell Galileo's story and passing its very
important lessons on to the public by replicating with great care,
Galileo's two internationally famous telescopes. We
have and are building these replicas
using the measurements that we made with
the assistance of the the IMSS staff for the two originals
telescopes on display at the
IMSS museum in Florence, Italy and from information
published in the literature. We critiqued all these data
as professional
scientist with considerable technical experience
in experimental physics and chemistry
Today many are
concerned that there is the same or maybe greater hostility
against basic research today than 400 years ago. The
problem is our issues
are of greater proportions, than that the choice of
a
planetary system to support, Our issues are evolution versus
intelligent design. stem cell research versus
definitions of life, global warming and
scientist lying to mention a few..
We invite you to
Click
here
to
read a special scientific paper published in
Science,
May 18, 2007 discussing a serious local and global
threat to our science ""Childhood origins
of adult resistance to science"? It is
coauthored By Paul Bloom and Deena Skolnick Weisberg
(Yale) and focuses on neuroscience and
evolutionary biology but there is evidence that it's
true for most all branches of science including
astronomy. We have created our own Abstract of
this important paper for one to consider.
So in the
authors opinion Galileo's story is even more
relevant today and his solution is even more
relevant and important. Presented in the right
format emphasizing trust more strongly in the
display could help reduce the skepticism of
scientific work.
and
you tube
spectroscope with Galileo's telescopes
We also make for sale a very special
spectroscope made out of Replicas of Galileo's
telescopes
Below a special purpose representation of Galileo leather
covered telescope. IMSS inventory #2448
A partial batch of Galilean type telescopes for
important
science centers in Canada |
Our Replica of Galileo's Telescope
IMSS
INV#2427
,
Now at IMSS Florence
Italy. Adler Planetarium Chicago Illinois
Beijing Planetarium, etc
We constructed
INV # 2427, pictured
above, for
the Adler Planetarium. It re-creates
the equally interesting laboratory type
telescope and the only other known telescope ascribed to
Galileo. Its main barrel consists of a split wood
tube covered with paper, painted, and reinforced
with copper wire bands along its full length.
Above a
micrometer such as Galileo may have used for measure telescope power
versus lens shape and for measuring the distance of Jupiter
moons from the planet
We have recently furnished the extra
accessories below to the
Huntington Library for
their new displays on science.
A short note;
One cannot convince us that Galileo did not try positive lenses in
his development work because there were certainly more positive
lenses than negative ones in the inventory of spectacle and
magnifiers shops, one of his first sources of lenses.
Click
here to get a quick comparison of the field of
view with a discussion of each.
This was a special Kepler eyepiece we
especially designed to focus on objects less than 40 feet from the
telescope and have a power of about 26. We have coupled this
telescope with a sort of "Galiletarium "(a planetarium for Galilean
objects, as a target of images, with proper scale, of the celestial
objects for which Galileo made such remarkable new discoveries
through his telescopes. Call or email us for details...
This model has been a successful tool
for showing the location of the essential parts
of Galileo's work/development telescope. Throw a light shield over
it and it works
Our half telescope
IMSS 2427 mounted on a stand for display
The objective end of our half
telescope IMSS 2427
Can one use Galileo's
two telescopes in doors? Yes depending on the size of the room.
Even though most everyone knows that telescopes are generally used
to bring thing that are far away closer, that the closer the object
is the further one has to pull out the eyepiece to focus on that
object. Of course the distance one can pull out the eyepiece before
it falls out of the telescope is limited to how long it is. The
graph below gives us the information for the shortest distance the
object can be from the front of the telescope
The bottom graph shows the diameter of an object which would fill
the field of view seen in the telescope versus distance from the
telescope.
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Summary
The original telescopes were very beautiful works
of 1600 art. As with all exceptional art
it enriches our lives carrying with it a very
powerful and emotional
story that deeply touches the very fabric of our culture and
belief system.
With this as our guide and purpose we took with great care
and exercised our experience as experimental scientist replicating both
telescopes. We reproduced each part of each instruments as close
as possible to the originals. We took special attention to all details,
insides and out. This is what
all good science demands. It
was also a replication of Galileo scientific work
ethics. It was understood that our replica's were
going to be seen by millions of people for
they were being made for renown educational intuitions
including the IMSS in Florence Italy, Griffith
observatory Adler Planetarium, and the Lyndon B.
Johnson's library and many more all demanding the very
best for their visitors. So we did lots of
research critically examining the literature and
taking measurements from the originals etc.------Each
telescope was
assembled by
hand
with materials and techniques consistent with those
most likely used in Galileo's day.
Our dimensional accuracy has been kept to within a
few percent in all cases and in some instances
to fractions of a millimeter of the originals. We
also chose not to antique them but to show them as
they would have looked when new.
Since our replicas are so accurately reproduced
they
are particularly useful as research, teaching, and
display tools. One can see, feel, and operate
them as Galileo saw, felt and operated them. We
also build furnish replicas which are half a
telescope split apart along their length where one
can study the interior construction. These
tactile experiences high light in a very real way
Galileo's and the telescope's virtues and faults and offer a more
mature insight into 1609 telescope making and
operation in a way that Galileo, his associates and
customers would have experienced.
We also have built other Galileo
instruments which are available and for sale.
For further information on our
data gathering process and construction details,
please go to the following links:
Because of this
effort these very beautiful, unique, and important instrument
will only increase in value with time.
The replica MSS INV #2428,the leather covered
telescope, has over 100 pieces, has
21 intricate decorations
requiring
21 separate hot
stamps with over 400 gilding hot stamp strikes
to complete the decorations. It replicates the unusual thin stave
construction feature, and has an optical power of
21.
The replica of IMSS INV # 2427
represents
a construction style commonly used in research and
field grade telescopes for that time period and is a
very unusual piece. The world is lucky to have it
because development instruments are generally thrown
away. It has closer to 17 pieces
and a power of 14. The pair complement each other,
one is a presentation piece designed for people of
power and influence, the other, a field type instrument
for laboratory work and for customers or
colleagues doing research work.
We were able to achieve this high level of accuracy
in the reproduction of these telescopes through the
patience and very professional help of the staff at
IMSS in Florence Italy, at the Griffith Observatory
in Los Angeles, and at the Adler Planetarium in
Chicago. They shared their considerable knowledge
of these instruments with us. At the Adler
Planetarium they gave us access to the interesting
Cipriani replicas and at the IMSS we were able to
make measurements and take high resolution
photographs of the original Galileo instruments on
display.
We found it was absolutely essential to make our own
measurements of the original leather telescope
having found a number of important differences in
the data for its dimensions and materials in the
published literature and in existing replicas. We
made a concerted effort in checking and cross
checking our data to resolve these differences. (It
is important to note that there are many so-called
replicas which are so far from the characteristics
of the IMSS originals that we did not include them
in our comparison studies.) For those instances
where no data was available on the originals, such
as that for the existing eyepiece holder in the
leather covered telescope, IMSS #2428, we made and
noted our best choice based on our own
technical experience which is considerable.
However if new or more reliable information becomes
available on the eyepiece holder, our telescope
could accommodate the lens in the ocular draw tube
itself if necessary. The bottom line is that we believe
our replicas to be the most accurate and finest made
to date and will hopefully serve as standards for
other replication in the future.
The real importance of the Galileo's telescopes
The
Audit Trail
In researching this ventures into
developing and using the telescope, we have come to
see Galileo’s saga and his telescopes
as remarkable and timeless examples of what the
business of science is all about and how science
really works. Galileo and his instruments are an
excellent case study of the working of science and
basic research – the contributions they make
to our knowledge and the fragile threads that
supports them.
The telescopes demonstrate that the processes
used by science
ensure the truth will be revealed no
matter how strong the bias. When discoveries are
suppressed it is only a matter of time before they
come to light again. When errors are made, science’s
self correcting processes
,The Audit Trail, will reveal them.
Sciences built in self correcting test of reliability. These processes of
science are not unique to science
but
they are the most important aspect of science for those that are not keyed into science and
have to little time to learn about science and its instruments. Remember the great majority
99.+% of those out there that pay the scientist salaries and their equipment (Hubble $6
billon with a daily cost of
about
$550,000.).Galileo's story shows us what it took Galileo
to get money to support his science. It is still relevant today. IYA is once every 400 years. His
story about how science works should be part of our the daily
curriculum .
For those with the professional
interest: we are making these very
precise museum grade replicas for sale museums, serious
collectors and those who so kindly donate
instruments of this quality to their favorite
museums and other teaching institutions. If you are
interested,
please contact us at
k1ugm@comcast.net
Is the prime
difference between Homo sapiens and
all other forms of natures creatures our
scientific bent.?
Galileo his instruments and modern way of
doing science helps in the most
positive way to demonstrate this. |
Where does all of this really lead to?
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Many may not have a complete feeling for the importance
of Galileo's work on the telescope which added so much to modern science than just his
discoveries in astronomy or his teaching of the use of physical measurements instead of
intuition.
We are not minimizing his total work but high lighting the magnitude of his contribution when
one considers that the telescope was an essential and motivating push in the science of optics.
The telescope for example became an essential part of many engineering, scientific, and
medical instruments. used today. To mention just a few: Transits gave us much more accurate
surveying data and , at Greenwich, we get more accurate time from sun and star transits. The
telescope led the way to the microscope, gun scopes. the most hidden, least understood, and
most important chemical measureing instrument the
spectroscope.
The addition of a spectroscope to a telescope gave us the Hubble's
constant, the chemical make up of stars and planets.
It helped bring on Quantum physics and
may be the instrument that shows us that there is life on other planets going around other
stars than our sun. (If and when this announcement is made the authors might
want
to consider wearing some asbestos underwear for a bit after they make it.. (( Remember Galileo's
near miss with being burned alive using just two little pieces of glass and a wooden tube to
hold them. Think about the trouble, that might arise, when the number of spectroscopes
looking through some big telescopes finish their work on this project
:-)). |
Many do not have a complete feeling for
the importance of Galileo's work on the telescope
which added
so much to modern science than just his
discoveries in astronomy or his teaching of the
use of physical measurements instead of
intuition.
We are not minimizing his total
work but high lighting the magnitude of his
contribution when one considers that the telescope was an
essential and motivating push in the
science of optics. The
telescope for example became an essential part
of many engineering, scientific, and
medical instruments. used today. To
mention just a few: Transits gave us much more accurate
surveying data and , at Greenwich, we get more
accurate time from sun and star transits.
The telescope led the way to the microscope, gun
scopes. the most hidden, least understood,
and most important chemical measureing
instrument the
spectroscope.
The addition of a spectroscope to a
telescope
gave us the Hubble's constant, the
chemical make up of stars and planets. It helped
bring on Quantum physics and may be the instrument that shows us
that there is life on other planets going around
other stars than our sun. (If and when
this announcement is made the authors
might
want
to consider wearing some asbestos underwear for
a bit after they make it.. (( Remember Galileo's
near miss with being burned alive using just two
little pieces of glass and a wooden tube
to hold them. Think about the trouble, that
might arise, when the number of
spectroscopes looking through some big
telescopes finish their work on this project
:-)).
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Galileo's telescope
was an important step toward the spectroscope.
A photograph of the the whole visible spectra of the sun.
Note the dark lines from various elements. The dark lines
D are
from the element of sodium. One can see the whole spectra by swinging
the telescope arm of the spectroscope back and forth.
Using two of our beautiful replicas of Galileo's telescopes. you
can constructed a
spectroscope
one the most powerful measuring instrument in astronomy
and in the modern world.
Why is this an important display for the
IYA?
In our special celebration of the IYA we
should include the spectroscope. The spectroscope is a big
time instrument in our every day
world
as well as in astronomy. This is why we have included this
most beautiful instrument all dressed up and fancy for this
occasion.
Did you know that there are spectroscopes
on Hubble and that most observatories have numbers
of them? In fact a telescope is just one part of a
spectroscope. Astronomers use them to study the chemical
composition and motion of the sun and stars that surround
us . It also gave us a start to the world of quantum mechanics
by explaining the
spectra from glowing solid bodies and gases.
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Click here to see our "you tube movie" of this spectroscope
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Using three (3)
Galileo telescopes or equivalent, trade one
eyepiece, for a slit in one , put a prism
between the last 2 and one has the essence
of the tool that is in most every observatory in
the world including Hubble. Astronomers use the
spectroscope to tell us what chemicals that the
heavenly bodies are made and how fast they
are going etc..
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Our
example of the whole astronomical set up is shown
in the picture below
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Each component in
the photo to the left including the table of the
elements
,many of which were discovered with the spectroscope,
is a consequence of Galileo's work in developing his
telescope. If nothing else he made us aware of optics as
a major tool in modern science and is a wonderful,
romantic and beautiful instrument
demonstration of the step by step process of
science. His Telescope are magnificent symbols
reminding and teaching us. that
We might not be the center of the
solar system or universe but we can and do things no
other living creature has or can do.
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You too can demonstrate the hidden
impact that Galileo's work had on our world. Order this
suburb spectroscope with two of our replicas. (They do not
have to be the same model, one could be the IMSS 2427 the
other IMSS 2428.) doubling the value of a display.
Buy a third to demonstrate the collection of the star
light for input to the spectroscope!
For roughly 400 years Galileo's
telescopes and much of his work became internationally
famous in most of the world's cultures.
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They
have touched almost everything we love, hate, or
care about.
-
;
they made us a much smaller part of the
universe than we originally thought we were, Certainly we
were no longer the center of the universe. gave us
the power to control gross amounts of energy
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are an extraordinary combination of
beautiful works art introducing us to the spectacular art work of the
heavens Yet,
-
they
were designed by Galileo as instruments of war yet,
-
by
contrast found their way into hands of domestic
commerce yet,
-
introduced us to (some would say) the heartlessness
and wonders of the modern scientific method.
-
They
are extraordinary symbols of the human development
in philosophy and learning.
-
Yet we
know little to nothing about these two little pieces
of glass and the tubes holding them. nor
-
how
they all work together as a team to make such a
difference In our way of light.
|
| ref 1aa Sidereus Nuncius Galileo Galilei Translated by
Albert Van Helden1989 Univ of Chicago. p91
|
The team, Galileo in sprit, Rhoda and Jim with
the final results for our 2428 replica where
honesty, art and science become one and
wonderful.
We make them to your order, by
hand, using period practices.
|
References
Ref 1
The American Heritage Dictionary
1a. Catalogue
of Early Telescopes by Albert Van Helden 1999 Istituto e Museo di Storia Scienza dell
Scienza, Firenzze
2a. Sidereus or
The Sidereal Messenger Galileo Galilei Translated with introduction, conclusion, and notes
by Albert Van Helden The university of Chicago Press Chicago and London1989
We thank Paul
Valleli of Amateur Telescope Makers of Boston for discussions on adjustments of the focal
length of the objective, recommending several source of information and generally paving a
path to many resources including contacting Peter Abrahams of the Antique Telescope Society
who very kindly supplied the references below. Also the is a
well rounded collection of references and relevant
information pictures plus interesting critiques
maintained by
Jim Mosher. Tom Pope both experience scientist.
1, Baxandall,
David. Replicas of Two Galileo Telescopes.
Transactions of the
Optical Society 25:3, (January 1924) 141-144. (measurements
Galilean optics)
2 Pettit, Edison. A Telescope of Galileo. Publications of the
Astronomical
Society of the Pacific 51 (June 1939) 147-150. (#301) (replica
by Cipriani)
3(Galileo) Barr, E. Scott. Men & Milestones in Optics, III: Galileo
Galilei.
Applied Optics 3:12 (1964) 1321-1328.
4(Galileo) Drake, Stillman. Galileo Gleanings VI: Galileo's First
Telescopes at
Padua and Venice. Isis 50:3 (Sept. 1959) 245-254.
5(Galileo) Drake, Stillman. Galileo's First Telescopes at Padua
and Venice. Isis
50 (1959) 245-54.
6(Galileo) Greco, Vincenzo, G. Molesini, & F. Quercioli. Optical
tests of
Galileo's lenses. Nature 358 (July 9, 1992) 101. <& .pdf>
6a V. Ronchi "Sopra i cannocchiali di Galileo," L 'Universo 4,791-804(1923)
7(Galileo) Greco, Vincenzo et. al. Telescopes of Galileo. Applied
Optics 32 #31
(Nov. 1993) 6219.
8(Galileo) Miniati, Mara. Examination of an Antique Telescope.
Nuncius 9:2
(1994) 677-682.
9 (Galileo) Ringwood, Stephen. A Galilean telescope. Quarterly
Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society 35 (1994) 43-50.
10 (Galileo) Sonnefeld, August. Optical data of Galileo Galilei's
celestial
telescope. Jena Review #6 (1962) 207-212. <.jpg>
11 (Galileo)Westfall, Richard. Science and Patronage: Galileo and
the Telescope.
Isis 76 (1985) 11-30. <& .pdf,.tif>
12 (Galileo) Zik, Yaakov. Galileo and the Telescope. Nuncius 14:1
(1999) 31-67.
--------------
13 (Galileo) Dupré, Sven. Galileo, the Telescope, and the Science
of Optics in the
Sixteenth Century: A Case Study of Instrumental Practice in Art
and Science.
PhD Dissertation, Universiteit Gent, Belgium, 2002. 366pp.
--------
14 (Galileo) Miniati, Mara, et al. Examination of a terrestrial
telescope with the
signature of Galileo. Optik 101:3 (Jan. 1996) 140-142.
15 (Galileo) Greco, Vincenzo et. al. Modern Optical Testing on the
Lenses of
Galileo. pp110-121, Paolo Mazzoldi, ed.; From Galileo's
Occhialino to
16 Optoelectronics, conference Padova June 1992; Singapore:
World Scientific, 1993.
17 Sidereus
Nuncius Galileo Galilei Translated by Albert Van Helden1989 Univ of Chicago. p91
18 See the wonderful
New book and catalog from the IMSS:
"Galileo's Telescope The Instrument That Changed the
World" edited by Giorgio Strano, Publ.
Giunti 2008 (isbn 978-88-09-05938-2) It covers the
history of thought and technology in the development
of the telescope over a broad spectrum of topics
relevant to Galileo's time presented by a team of
international experts. It is an excellent
historical and educational catalogue for their
exhibition with wonderful technical analyses of the
components of Galileo's telescope illustrated with
magnificent photographs.
(We were privileged to be one of the
collaborators)
Click to see
Reference 1 resin composite construction
reference to a replica
Hale had made for himself. mid 1900's
1.
Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Title:
A Telescope of Galileo
Authors: Pettit, E.
Journal: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 51, No. 301,
p.147
Bibliographic Code: 1939PASP ..51 .147P
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1939PASP ..51 .147P
|
Galileo as a ; 1
Basic research scientist, 2,Applied scientist,
3
Engineer
4
Entrepreneur
5
Galileo's Audit Trail
6 Who was Galileo
.
Galileo's telescopes;
1 Telescope
dimensions 2
The optics & looking
thru them 3
Building #2428 4
Gold art work
#2428 5 Building #2427
6
U-Tube movies of construction,
Galileo's Team
1 References 2.Acknowledgements
3 Copy Rights and usage 4 Where is does this lead to?
We recommend
a new book for everyone, tech or not tech,
written by some of the most qualified Scholars in this
field. "Galileo's
Telescope The Instrument The Changed the World" edited by Giorgio Strano ( curator IMSS ), Pub
Giunti 2008 (isbn 978-88-09-05938-2) It can be bought at
http://www.artbooks.com/wc.dll?AB~searchquick~&cart=0 ( type in
97888090593) It is a very
beautiful book/Catalog. |
|
|
|
Copy rights and usage. Photos and written material are by Jim & Rhoda Morris unless noted
otherwise. Free personal and educational use is encouraged---
Acknowledgment is appreciated; all commercial rights are reserved |
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